Human Embryonic Development and the Impact of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

This paper breaks down how a baby develops in the first eight weeks of pregnancy and shows how drinking alcohol during this time can seriously harm that process. Alcohol can cause lifelong problems like learning difficulties and physical defects because it disrupts important early growth. The paper also points out that in the Rio Grande Valley, many families face challenges like poverty and limited healthcare, which increase the risk of these issues. It emphasizes that with the right education and support, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders can be completely prevented.

STEM RESEARCHMEDICAL - HEALTHDEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY WITH AN EMPHASIS ON TERATOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH.

Osmel Sanchez

6/1/20254 min read

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Introduction

Human embryonic development is the process by which a fertilized egg transforms into a fully formed embryo. This complex journey includes a series of carefully organized stages: fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, and neurulation. These stages take place during the first eight weeks of pregnancy and lay the foundation for the body’s organs, tissues, and systems. However, during this critical time, the embryo is highly sensitive to environmental influences. One of the most harmful substances during this period is alcohol. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, or FASDs, are a group of lifelong conditions that result from alcohol exposure during pregnancy. This paper explores the stages of embryonic development and examines how alcohol affects this process, with a focus on public health concerns in the Rio Grande Valley.

Stages of Human Embryonic Development

Weeks 1 to 2: Pre-Embryonic Stage

Development begins at fertilization, when the sperm and egg unite to form a zygote. The zygote divides rapidly and becomes a solid ball of cells called a morula. As it continues to grow, it forms a hollow structure called a blastocyst, which implants into the uterine lining.

Week 3: Gastrulation

The embryo forms three primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These layers eventually give rise to all of the body’s organs and systems. Gastrulation is a major step in organizing the basic body plan.

Week 4: Beginning of Organ Development

The heart and circulatory system begin forming. The neural tube, which becomes the brain and spinal cord, also starts to develop.

Week 5: Heartbeat and Neural Progression

The heart starts beating, and the neural tube continues developing into the early brain and spinal cord.

Week 6: Limbs and Facial Features

Limb buds begin to appear, marking the beginning of arm and leg formation. Facial features like the eyes and nostrils start taking shape.

Week 7: Continued Growth

Facial features become more defined, and the limbs continue to grow and take form.

Week 8: Human-Like Features and Organ Shaping

By this time, the embryo starts to look more like a human. Fingers and toes begin forming, and major organs such as the brain, heart, and intestines start to take shape.

The Impact of Alcohol on Embryonic Development

Alcohol is a harmful substance that can pass through the placenta and reach the developing embryo. It can interfere with normal cell division, reduce the number of developing cells, and even cause cell death. During sensitive stages such as gastrulation and organ formation, alcohol exposure can cause serious defects in the heart, brain, and facial structure. Alcohol affects the nervous system the most and can lead to long-term cognitive problems. Because development during the first eight weeks is so delicate, even small amounts of alcohol can lead to permanent harm. The safest choice is for pregnant women to avoid alcohol entirely.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs)

FASDs are a group of conditions that include physical, learning, and behavioral challenges. Physical effects may include slow growth, a smooth upper lip, a flat nasal bridge, and small eyes. Children may also take longer to reach developmental milestones such as sitting, walking, or talking. Cognitive effects can include learning disabilities, poor memory, low attention span, and difficulty with planning or problem-solving. Many children with FASD also struggle socially. They may have trouble communicating, managing emotions, or building relationships. These challenges can continue into adulthood.

Risk Factors in the Rio Grande Valley

The risk of FASD is higher in communities with limited access to education and healthcare. In the Rio Grande Valley, these challenges are common. According to RGV Health Connect, over 160,000 residents have less than a ninth-grade education, and more than 66,000 families live below the poverty line. About one in three residents does not have health insurance. These conditions make it harder for expectant mothers to access prenatal care or learn about the dangers of drinking during pregnancy. Additional risk factors include poor nutrition, lack of support, and high stress levels. In some cases, partners or family members may also drink heavily, influencing the mother’s choices.

Effects on Fetal Growth

Babies affected by FASD are often born with lower birth weights. For example, a baby without FASD might weigh around 119 ounces at birth, while a baby with FASD may weigh only about 81 ounces. This weight difference shows how alcohol can slow growth and weaken the baby’s development. These effects may also be linked to problems with the heart, brain, and immune system.

Preventing FASD

FASD is one hundred percent preventable. The first step is education. Schools, clinics, and public health campaigns can teach people about the risks of drinking during pregnancy. Doctors and nurses can help by asking patients about alcohol use and offering support and resources. Families and communities also play a major role. When loved ones create safe and supportive environments, pregnant women are more likely to avoid alcohol and seek help if needed. By combining education, medical care, and community support, we can lower the number of children affected by FASD and improve overall health in the Rio Grande Valley.

Conclusion

Human embryonic development is a beautiful but fragile process. Alcohol exposure during this time can lead to serious and lifelong problems, including physical and cognitive disabilities. This research highlights not only the biology of early development but also the importance of public health education and support. Osmel Sanchez connects science with real challenges in his community, showing how student-led research can raise awareness and help prevent harm. Through continued learning and leadership, we can protect the health of future generations.

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